Anterior ( Galen, c177 ) : Ventral (Schulze, 1893) in relation to the longitudinal axis (Barclay, 1803); commonly used in this way for human and other primate anatomy, as was the case for Galen; see translation by Singer (1999, p. 129), also see translation by Duckworth (1962, pp. 229, 231). Also see anterior (Aristotle).

Dura ( D ; Galen, c177 ) : The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three meninges (Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, c1700 BC); see Dorland's (2003). It was known to Hippocrates in Places in Man and Fleshes (see translation by Potter, 1995, pp. 23, 155, respectively) and named such by Galen (c177; see translation by Wiberg, 1914, p. 21).

Fourth ventricle ( V4 ; Galen, c177 ) : The rhombic-shaped part of the ventricles (Hippocrates) in the rhombicbrain (His, 1893b), continuous rostrally (Schulze, 1893) with the cerebral aqueduct (His, 1895) and caudally (Cleland, 1879) with the central canal (Henle, 1871). The cerebrospinal fluid in the fourth ventricle communicates with cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space (Magendie, 1827) through one or more holes in the roof of the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle was known from macrodissected adult humans to Herophilus (335-280 BC; see von Staden, 1989, pp. 247-248), and named such by Galen (c177, c192; see translations by Duckworth, 1962, p. 19 and Singer, 1999, p. 235, respectively).

Posterior ( Galen, c177 ) : Dorsal (Barclay, 1803) in relation to the longitudinal axis (Barclay, 1803); commonly used in this way for human and other primate anatomy, as was the case for Galen; see translations of Singer (1999, p. 129) and Duckworth (1962, pp. 229, 231). Also see anterior (Aristotle), Standring (2008, Fig. 1).