Brainstem ( Schwalbe, 1881 ) : A topographic division of the vertebrate brain (Cuvier, 1800) that is a combination of the medulla (Winslow, 1733), pons (Haller, 1747), midbrain (Baer, 1837), and interbrain (Baer, 1837), and thus excludes the endbrain (Kuhlenbeck, 1927) or cerebrum (Obersteiner & Hill, 1900), and the cerebellum (Aristotle). Used in this sense by Schwalbe (1881, p. 396), and more recently by for example Mettler, 1948, Fig. 119), Carpenter (1976, pp. 36-37), Nauta & Feirtag (1986, Fig. 69), Brodal (1992, p. 285), Swanson (2003, p. 243).